Understanding Sophistry and Philosophy

Ethical Realism

September 23, 2012

The Difference Between Sophistry & Philosophy

Filed under: philosophy — JW Gray @ 11:29 pm
Tags: charlatans, oratory, philosopher, rhetoric, sophistry, sophists

Many people confuse “sophistry” with “philosophy.” They think that philosophers are arrogant charlatans who foolishly think they know something. However, that description better fits those we now call “sophists.” What is sophistry? And what is philosophy? Socrates considered philosophy to be a force of good in opposition to sophistry. I will discuss both of these domains in order to help us understand what philosophy is, and why philosophy is not sophistry.

What is sophistry?

The sophists were rhetoric teachers in Athens who lived at the same the as Socrates. They were major intellectual figures, and the term “sophist” means “wise person.” We still use the term “sophisticated” to refer to intelligent or crafty people. At that time “sophistry” was roughly equivalent to “rhetoric,” and rhetoric is the art of persuasion using language. However, the term ‘sophistry’ is now generally used to refer to manipulative forms of rhetoric.
Why sophistry was important
The reason that rhetoric was considered to be important at the time was for at least two reasons:
One, public persuasion (i.e. “oratory”) was very important for their democratic form of government—especially when concerning matters of justice. The citizens would side with experts, such as doctors, when making decisions relevant to the domain of the expert, but no one was considered to be an expert of justice. Justice was a “matter of debate.” So, they relied on arguments and debate in order to decide what should be done concerning matters of justice. Many such arguments were manipulative, just as they are now. You can watch television and see political pundits debate moral issues to see what I’m talking about.
Two, people needed to know how to argue well in case they would go to court. The Athenians settled disputes and investigated crimes similar how we do now. They went to court and sued each other. It happened a lot at the time, and people who knew how to argue well were at an advantage.
Sophistry and manipulation
The fact that rhetoric concerns persuasion means that it can be used for any situation and for any purpose. The orator, Gorgias, said that having profound oratory skills allows him to be more persuasive to non-experts than the experts are. He could convince a patient that his medical advice is superior to a doctor’s, even though he personally knows little to nothing about medical science. Sound familiar? Gorgias is referring to the sophist’s ability to be a charlatan—a false expert who people take too seriously. For example, he could trick people into buying a product for the wrong reasons, just like a snake oil salesmen. Snake oil salesmen sell medicine that doesn’t actually work, so no one should buy their product. And yet these guys have been incredibly popular for thousands of years and can make a great deal of money.
Experts can be persuasive, and rhetoric can be used by experts. The problem with rhetoric is that it is so often used for the wrong reasons. For example, by charlatans.
Consider all the unqualified charlatans who pretend to be experts, such as snake oil salesmen, new age gurus, cult leaders, astrologers, fortune tellers, spin doctors, political pundits, and conspiracy theorists. These people can make a lot of money, even though they have no relevant expertise. They are masters of the art of deception and manipulation. False philosophers, false scientists, false doctors, false political experts, and false wise people have been swindling people out of their money for the entirety of human history. There’s more of them than truly qualified philosophers, scientists, doctors, and wise people—and those who are truly qualified rarely make very much money.
Manipulative argument techniques are known as “fallacies” or “sophisms.” For example, to slander one’s opponent often causes an audience to dismiss the arguments of that opponent even though arguments are either good or bad regardless of who makes them.
Socrates saw sophistry (and rhetoric) as being manipulative. He thought we should rely on the best arguments and expertise rather than the nonrational forms of persuasion that rhetoric was often using. The terms ‘sophistry’ and ‘sophist’ are usually defined in the way Socrates saw them—sophistry as manipulation and sophists as manipulative people.
Sophistry and ethics
Many of the sophists traveled the world and realized that each society had somewhat different moral rules. This convinced many of them that morality is relative—there are no moral facts. Instead, there are merely conventional moral beliefs that people in an area will agree with. Perhaps this also reinforced the “democratic spirit” that everyone’s opinion concerning justice was equally good because there are no ethical experts.
Socrates thought that philosophers could become ethical experts, so he rejected the idea that everyone’s ethical opinion was equal. Socrates thought the sophists who used persuasive arguments in political debates were being charlatans—they were not experts, and their opinions were being taken more seriously than the actual experts.

What is philosophy?

Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom” in Greek. It refers to the attitude of those who want to know the truth and be wise rather than dogmatically hold onto their false beliefs. At one point in time philosophy referred to this general attitude being applied to all domains—science, theology, ethics, and logic were all part of philosophy. Moreover, philosophy referred to a method of rational argumentation and debate to be used in order to attain knowledge. We can then try to sincerely consider what beliefs are supported by the best arguments and evidence. We should generally believe whatever is best justified by arguments in this way. That is also how natural science works. Scientists also consider how well justified various beliefs are, and there are arguments they consider for and against scientific beliefs.
Philosophy is often confused with rhetoric, and people often think philosophers are charlatans—false experts who are taken too seriously. However, the truth is that philosophers are the closest thing we often have to experts, and yet good philosophy is rarely taken seriously by anyone. Philosophers know a lot about logic, but people are rarely interested in learning about logic. Formal logic is now used by computers, and informal logic helps us understand and identify fallacious arguments.
The domain of philosophy
The domain of philosophy is now based on what educational institutions teach in philosophy classes. Natural science is no longer considered to be part of the philosophical domain mainly becauseit’s now better taught in classes outside of the philosophy department. Now philosophy includes ethics, metaphysics (the nature of reality), epistemology (the nature of justification, rationality, and knowledge), and logic (the study of consistent, valid, and nonfallacious reasoning). This means that philosophy now mainly involves topics that are more controversial than scientific ones. However, that is not the case with logic, which is less controversial than natural science. Scientists have to rely on our best logic rather than the other way around.
Philosophy as a way of life
The term ‘philosophy’ now mainly refers to the domains of philosophical expertise rather than to general concern for wisdom and knowledge. The interest to attain knowledge is merely assumed to be a goal of philosophy, just like it’s assumed to be the goal of any other person who wants to attain expertise (such in mathematics or science). Such an interest could be considered to be part of a concept of philosophy as being a “way of life.” Additionally, philosophy as a way of life includes an interest to become a better person, to attain happiness, and to live one’s life in accordance with the best ethical expertise available. Those who live a philosophical as a way of life want to know how we should behave, and they try to behave in better ways. They also try to improve themselves by improving their skills of rationality, skills of ethics, and to learn anything that will help them become more ethical.
Are philosophers experts?
Although we know that philosophers want to know something about various things that doesn’t mean they ever do know something about anything at all. However, I think they do know quite a bit. Consider the following:

• Philosophers who later became known as “scientists” seem to clearly know something. We seem to know a lot about the laws of nature and how we can apply our knowledge to technological achievements.
• Philosophers who are experts of logic (also known as “logicians”) seem to clearly know something. We now know how to use formal logic to create computers and knowledge of informal logic is used by scientists in order to know which beliefs are best supported by arguments. For example, we know that an insult against a person is not a good reason to reject the person’s argument.
• We do seem to know something about epistemology. For example, we know that we shouldn’t form beliefs based on fallacious arguments. If we find out that an argument is fallacious, then we should reject the argument. Epistemologists can study hundreds of arguments concerning epistemology in order to have the most informed epistemological beliefs possible.
• We do seem to know something about ethics. For example, we seem to know that killing all the people we can is the wrong thing to do. Ethicists can study hundreds of arguments concerning ethics in order to have the most informed ethical beliefs possible.
• We do seem to know something about metaphysics. For example, we seem to know that other people exist and they have minds of their own. Metaphysicians can study hundreds of arguments concerning metaphysics in order to have the most informed metaphysical beliefs possible.

Finally, having informed beliefs are better than uninformed ones. We often form beliefs for the wrong reasons and being informed gives us an opportunity to realize which beliefs are the best supported by arguments.

Conclusion

Experts can persuade others using language. That means experts can use “rhetoric.” However, rhetoric alone does not actually offer us the expertise we need, and it’s often used in manipulative ways. We can call that use of rhetoric “sophistry.” We have a good reason to think that there are philosophers who are not sophists—philosophers who genuinely want to be experts. Finally, we also have a good reason to think that some philosophers are experts.

EUPHORIA OF SOPHISTRY WRITTEN BY TERSEER SAM BAKI IS NO LONGER MEANT FOR HIGHLY EDUCATED ‘INDIVIJUAS’!

EUPHORIA OF SOPHISTRY WRITTEN BY TERSEER SAM BAKI IS NO LONGER MEANT FOR HIGHLY EDUCATED ‘INDIVIJUAS’!

HABA! Why are our highly educated 'INDIVIJUAS' like this?
Why are they so highly educated above every other person yet know EVERYTHING?
There’s no ‘intelligent question’ I’ve not been asked by some of these persons I’ve erroneously felt deserved to have a glimpse of my National-Prize winning book even before it has been officially presented to the public.
For Heaven’s sake, I’ve written a creative, literary work of art; a pure work of my imagination and creativity. Not a form of thesis or research work. But the other day, while I was rushing to meet with a friend with whom we had made arrangements to go and see a printer in connection to the printing of invitation cards for the public presentation of my book, I came across this fellow, a PhD holder whom I had previously erroneously held in high esteem, but guess what comments and questions he had for me concerning my book:
‘…orne, do you mean to tell me that you can actually explain every single poem in that your “antakerada”?’ ‘Again, between “Euphoria” and “Sophistry” in the title of that “antakerada” of yours, which one of them is a dependent variable and which is the independent variable…?” He continued with an arrogant sense of self worth.
Before this, he had earlier sought to know what “Euphoria” meant and what the hell “Sophistry” was all about, and why I didn’t include explanatory notes for each poem! I was about answering the first two set of questions when he fired the dependent and independent variable missile. I simply told this ‘orvesen’ that what I wrote wasn’t a thesis.
This same ‘orvesen’ who has a spanking fresh and ‘tear rubber’ doctorate degree in a field as far away from literature as the toes are from the nose sought to know how in heaven I expected him to review my book when according to him he didn’t quite grasp what in the devil’s name more than half of the poems were talking about. Suffice to mention here that not even in my wildest dreams had I even considered asking the versatile ‘Doc’ in question to review my book! Hell was let loose when I told him that only those who are literary inclined could review a literary work (poetry) such as mine!
‘In that case, there isn’t any point at all to come and sit down so that I would at the end part with my hard earned money at your book launch!’ He declared, throwing up his arms as he looked round him desperately seeking for sympathizers.
Two days ago, I was in my home town, Katsina-Ala to see a handful of persons. I showed a copy of 'Euphoria of Sophistry' to an elderly man whom I respect like a father. He happens to lecture in one of these departments where without fear of contradiction, the only things they get to study right from primary school to their first, second and doctoral degrees are: ‘What a family is, what communication is, what transportation is, what a society is’ and all such kinds of stuff!
After taking about fifteen seconds to flip through 'Euphoria of Sophistry', he carefully searched amongst the last few pages of the book and assumingly, in his apparent disappointment, the only thing his eyes could see was a portrait of the author proudly clad in the native attires of the T-I-V positive people and the accompanying profile of yours truly. His words of commendation and encouragement were:
‘You see, my boy, in academics, we have standards. When we write anything, it is mandatory that we include our sources in form of what is known as “References”’.
Dear sisters and brothers, I'm afraid, as things stand as at this moment, I’ve tentatively resolved within me to stop showing my book to highly educated 'INDIVIJUAS'. I will henceforth, show my book only to stark illiterates, pepper sellers, shoe shiners, bus conductors, wheelbarrow pushers and the like, until further notice, or what do you think?

Terseer Sam Baki.

Chief Dr Torngee Jem Tor-Anyiin in a pose with author of EUPHORIA OF SOPHISTRY, Terseer Sam Baki.

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SOPHISTS AND SOPHISTRY-AN OVERVIEW

The historical and philological difficulties confronting an interpretation of the sophists are significant. Only a handful of sophistic texts have survived and most of what we know of the sophists is drawn from second-hand testimony, fragments and the generally hostile depiction of them in Plato’s dialogues.

The philosophical problem of the nature of sophistry is arguably even more formidable. Due in large part to the influence of Plato and Aristotle, the term sophistry has come to signify the deliberate use of fallacious reasoning, intellectual charlatanism and moral unscrupulousness. It is, as the article explains, an oversimplification to think of the historical sophists in these terms because they made genuine and original contributions to Western thought. Plato and Aristotle nonetheless established their view of what constitutes legitimate philosophy in part by distinguishing their own activity – and that of Socrates – from the sophists. If one is so inclined, sophistry can thus be regarded, in a conceptual as well as historical sense, as the ‘other’ of philosophy.

Perhaps because of the interpretative difficulties mentioned above, the sophists have been many things to many people. For Hegel (1995/1840) the sophists were subjectivists whose sceptical reaction to the objective dogmatism of the presocratics was synthesised in the work of Plato and Aristotle. For the utilitarian English classicist George Grote (1904), the sophists were progressive thinkers who placed in question the prevailing morality of their time. More recent work by French theorists such as Jacques Derrida (1981) and Jean Francois-Lyotard (1985) suggests affinities between the sophists and postmodernism.

This article provides a broad overview of the sophists, and indicates some of the central philosophical issues raised by their work. Section 1 discusses the meaning of the term sophist. Section 2 surveys the individual contributions of the most famous sophists. Section 3 examines three themes that have often been taken as characteristic of sophistic thought: the distinction between nature and convention, relativism about knowledge and truth and the power of speech. Finally, section 4 analyses attempts by Plato and others to establish a clear demarcation between philosophy and sophistry.

Source: University of Tennessee

Floods And Fools by Terseer Sam-Baki

Floods and fools Terseer Sam Baki
___________________________
No matter how warned and alarmed
no matter how forewarned and forearmed
off-guard are we still caught
the tale of our continuous rot
where we find ourselves in pools...
like ill-fated fools

As it was in the time of Noah
so it is in the time of NOA
deaf, we are subject to the grimness of the Reaper
as we are no longer anything’s keeper
time turning our laughter to whips
that flog us to disastrous slips


 
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